BY AMIR
1.
Text
report
-
Social function : to describe the way things
are with referencce to a range of natural, man-made, and social phenomena in
our environment.
-
Generic sructure
a. General
classification
Introduce the participant
b. Description
Describe the participant in terms of “parts,qualities, behavior/habit”
if living things, “usage” if non living things.
c. Lexicogrammatical
sequence
a. Focus
on spesific participant.
b. Use
of material and relational processes.
c. Use
of simple present tense.
d. No
emporal sequence.
Snakes
Snake are reptile. They belong to
the same group as lizards but form a sub group of their own. Snake are not
slimy. They are covered in scales which are just bumps on the skin. Their skin
is hard and glossy to reduse friction as the snake slithers along the ground.
Snake often sun buth on the rocks in the warm weather. This is because snakes
are cold blooded and they need sun’s warmth to heat their up body.
Most snakes live in the country.
Some type of snakes live in trees, some live in water, but most live on the
ground deserted rabbit burrows, in thick, long grass and in old logs.
A snake’s diet usually consist of
frogs, lizard and mice and other snakes. The anaconda can eat small crocodiles
and even wild boars.
2. Procedure text
Procedure
text is a text to describe how to make or do something.
Generic
structure
a. Goal/aim
b. Materials
c. Steps/methods
Example :
LOOP THE LOOP PAPER LINE
Material needed :
- a sheet of heavy paper.
- a pencil
- sharp scissors
- a paper clip
- crayons
Methods
Here’s
a paper air plane that will fly in circles
1. First
fold the paper in half the long way.
2. Then
draw an airplane with wings and a tail on it.
3. Next
draw a line about an inch away from the fold on each side the full length of
the paper.
4. Then
cut out the air plane, but not cut on the fold.
5. After
that spread out the airplane and colour it. You can draw airplane markings near
each wing tip.
6. Next
refold your airplane. Now fold beach wing down along the line drawn on it.
7. Then
add a paper clip to the nose. You can change the way your airplane flies by
changing the wing shape and putting more than one paper clip on the nose.
3. Narrative text
Is a
story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the
resolution to solve the problems. An important part of narrative is the
narrative mode, the set of methods used
to communicate the narrative through a process narration.
-
The purpose of narrative text
Is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a
story.
-
Generic stucture
a. Orientation
Where and when the story happened and
introduces the participants of the story : who and what is involved in the
story.
b. Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which
leads to the crisis (climax) of the participants.
c. Resolution
The problem is resolved, either in a happy ending
or in a sad ending
d. Re-
orientation
This is a closing remark to the story and it
is optional. It consists of a moral lesson, advise or teaching from the
wrinter.
Bred and the beanstalk
Once
upon a time there was a poor widow who had only son named bred. They were so
poor that they didn’t have anything except a cow. When the cow had grown too
old, his mother sent bred to the market to sell it. On the way to market, bred
met a butcher who had some beautiful beans on his hands. The butcher told the
boy that the beans were of great value and persuaded the silly fad to sell the
cow for the beans.
Bred brought them happily. When he told his mother
about this, his mother bacame so angry that she threw the beans out of the
window.
When bred woke up in the morning. He
felt the sun shining into a part of his room but all rest was quite dark and
shady.
So he jumped to the window. What did
he see? The beanstalk grew up quite close past bred’s window. He opened the
window and jumped to the beanstalk which ran
up just like a big ladder.
He climbed till at last he reached
the sky. While looking around, he saw a very huge castle. He was very amazed.
4. Text Spoof
Spoff text is one of type english text that telling a funny
story.
Languange characteristics
-
Using the past tense
-
Using action verb
-
Using adverb of time and place adverbs
-
Told chronologically
The generic sructure
-
Orientation, provides an introduction to the characters, setting etc
-
Events, provides events
-
Twist, ending the story ( something is considered funny or unexpected)
SAM TING WONG
Jacky Wong got married with Lia Wong. Both of them had a white skin and
straight hair. They are really well matched-coupel. One year later, Wong family
got a new baby. A nurse brought them a son with curly hair and a black skin.
The nurse congratulated and said, "What name will you give to this
son?"
With a confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, "Sam Ting Wong!"
With a confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, "Sam Ting Wong!"
5.
Text Review
a. What
is the Review Text ?
Review text is
an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical
composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer;
or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical
theatre show or dance show.
b. Purpose
of Review Text
Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or
listener, such as movies, shows, book, and others.
c.
Generic Structure of Review Text
- Orientation : Background information of
the text.
-
Evaluations : Concluding statement :
judgement, opinion, or recommendation.
It can consist ot more than one.
-
Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot.
-
Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I really love the Harry Potter series, and all of the
books will always have a special place in my heart.
I have to say that of all the books, however, this one
was not my favorite.When the series began it was as much of a “feel good”
experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced,
intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In
some instances this works you feel a whole new level of intensity and
excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page.
Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping
pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem
long, as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having
his usual adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house,
for example – housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not
very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book –
the “real” world comes much more in to
play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has
apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in
this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in
his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted,
considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over
nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned
into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight. The “real” story seemed to
happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually liked the
ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me
care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it
would have been great.
6.
Recount Text
recount
text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action or activity. Its
goal is to entertaining or informing the reader.
Generic structure
-
Orientation tells
who was involved, what happened, where the events took place, and when it
happened.
-
Events tell
what happened and in what sequence.
-
Reorientation consists
of optional-closure of events/ending.
By motor cycle
I used to travel
by motorcycle when I was a boy. My grand father used to live in magelang city
and I used to go there in the holidays. A friend of my father’s friends would
take charge of me and I never had unpleasent experimence. His name is john.Iam
used to go there by motor cycle and only have one occasion when I ever felt
frightened.
Usually, mr john always rode his motor cycle
slowly, but something unusually happened
on that day, he was riding his motor cycle so fast. I had told him that I was
afraid of going so fast but he did not listen to me. He kept his speed in fast
way. Until that accident took place. He wanted to over take a big truck, and
when he took the right side of the truck, suddenly there was a bus coming from
the other side. Mr john was getting surprised then he could not control his
motor bike. Fortunately, mr john could past the truck and avoided an impact
with the bus. After that we pulled over our motor cycle and we took along deep
sigh.
And That was my bad experience with a friend of
my fathers
7.
Hortatory explanation
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended
to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen
or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some
arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this
kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be
found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic
speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular
among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of
Hortatory exposition usually has three components.
A.
Generic sructure
1. Thesis : Statement
or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to
recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be
done based on the arguments.
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be
done based on the arguments.
B. Language
Feature of Hortatory Exposition text
- Focusing on the writer
- Using action verb
- Using modal adverb : certainly, surely, etc
- Using temporal connective : firstly,
secondly, however, therefore,etc
- Using passive voice
- Using simple present tense
- The use of modals and adverb ( may,must,
should)
- The use of emotive words (worried,etc)
- The use of words that qualify statements (
usual, probably)
- The use of subjective opinions using
pronouns I and we
C.
Social function
To persuade the reader or listener that
something should or should not be the case
Indonesian People Should
Value All the Different Culture to
Promote Unity of the
Nation
Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different religions and
cultures from many provinces are now seen living side by side in many places.
One of the biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to deal with a
culturally diverse citizenry and then promote unity. Therefore, Indonesians
should appreciate differences among culture for the following reasons.
Firstly, Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago and
culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain
the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal,
even if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to
be tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to
retain their heritage. Then, unity of
the nation can be preserved.
Secondly, Indonesians must recognize
that every culture has different customs and beliefs. Thus, people are
forbidden to make judgments of comparative value, for it is measuring something
unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the modern era, can allow for
cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits both parties. The
cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a better place and
preserves the unity of the nation.
Lastly, raising nationalism is one
way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense of fellow feeling between
group members. This promotes cooperation and social cohesion within the group.
The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social security and medical
programs much more likely.
8.
Discussion text
Is
a text which present a problematic discourse. This
problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly
found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
a.
Generic structure of discussion text
-
Statement of issue;
stating the issue which is to discussed
-
List of supporting
points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
-
List of contrastive
point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
-
Recommendation :
stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse
b.
Language feature of
discussion
-
Introducing
category or generic participant
-
Using thinking
verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
-
Using additive,
contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
-
Using modalities;
must, should, could, may, etc
-
Using adverbial of
manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
DO WE STILL NEED ZOOS?
Zoos were originally set up so that people could see
and learn about wild animals from distant lands. As more and more people became
city-dwellers, never seeing animals in the wild, zoos began to house local
creatures too. However, in today’s world, are zoos really necessary?
Since people can now see any sort of wild animal in
its natural habitat, simply by tuning into a TV program or buying a video, some
animal rights activists claim that zoos are out of date. They argue that it is
cruel to capture animals, transport them long distances, and then keep them
caged up simply for the entertainment of human beings. Captive animals often
develop ‘zoochosis’ – abnormal behavior like rocking or swaying – which
indicates they are bored and unhappy in their prison-like conditions.
On the other hand, there is a huge difference between watching
an animal on screen and seeing it in real life. It could be argued that
visiting a zoo is educational, often increasing people’s concern for wildlife
and conservation, which is of great importance in today's developing – and
often overdeveloped – world. Indeed, sometimes the only way to save an
endangered species may be to arrange for it to be breed in captivity.
Behind the scenes, zoos also provide scientists with
opportunities to research into animal behavior: modern zoos can therefore be
much better planned than old-fashioned ones, providing animals with carefully
designed enclosures appropriate to their needs. It seems then, that there are
still arguments for retaining zoos. These should, however, be carefully planned
with the animals’ welfare in mind: in the modern world, there is no excuse for
keeping animals in cramped or cruel conditions.
The Advantage
and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is
generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world.
The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in
Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships
and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces
around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy.
It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages
of nuclear plant are as follow:
a. It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive
to make.
b. It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it
does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
c. It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount
of uranium.
d. It produces small amount of waste.
e. It is reliable.
On the other hand,
nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many
years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is
reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong,
a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are
increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990′s nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
9. Explanation text
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating
to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation
text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often
found in science, geography and history text books.
a.
Generic structure of discussion text
-
General statement;
stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
-
Sequenced
explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
b.
Language feature
-
Featuring generic
participant; sun, rain, etc
-
Using chronological
connection; to begin with, next, etc
-
Using passive voice
pattern
-
Using simple
present tense
How Day and Night Happen
The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during
the day and sets at night. However the sun does not actually move around the
earth. Earth’s turning on its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It
is called as rotation. It causes day and night. The earth also moves around the
sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This process is called revolution. The
revolution process causes the changes of the season
10. Anecdote text
Definition
and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Blessing
Behind Strategy
There
was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine
children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They
were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several
years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They
had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The
entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in
America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten
by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting
rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine
when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not
make the trip to America as they had planned.
The
father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the
ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He
cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five
days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty
Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic
which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it
was.
The
Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a
dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son
and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives.
It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
11. Descriptive text
Is
a text which says a person or a thing. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a
particular person, place or thing.
Generic
structure of descriptive text
Identification :
identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts ,
qualities, or characterisric
Languange
feature
-
Using attributive and identifying process
-
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group
-
Using simple present tense
My Friend’s New
Shoes
I have a close friend. She is
beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the
day. She always pay much attention on her appeareance. Lately, she bought a new
stylist foot legs. This shoes really fit to her.
Her new shoes are amazing. When she
are walking on the road, all her friend and me are watching carefully to her
andadmire that she has suitable shoes on her appeareance the most. The style,
colour, brand represent her as a smart woman of the day. She is a perfect girl
for sure.
She is really mad on that shoes. She
said that the products covered all genders. The products provide varieties of
choice. It is desaigned in attractive way. The products are international
trader mark and become the hottest trend.
Monas national
monument
Monas national monument is a 132-
meter tower in the center of merdeka square, central jakarta, it is the capital
of the state. It symbollizes the struggle for indonesian. The monument consists
of a 117.7 m obelisk on a 45 m square platform at a height of 17 m. Towering
monument symbolizes the philosophy of lingga and yoni. Resembles a phallus, or
pestle mortar pestle and yoni resembles rice or mortar, two important things in
the tradition of indonesian agriculture. Construction began in1961 under the
direction of president soekarno, the first president of indonesia and the
monument was opened to the public in1975. It is topped by a flame covered with
gold voil, and now the monument calls.
12. Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells
funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to
entertain the readers.
Generic
Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
Language
Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s
awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you
know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then,
afterward
6. Using simple past tense
The Magic Box
A plain country woman was visiting the city for the first time. She went
into a very tall building. On the first floor, she saw an opld lady standing in
front of a door. The door was closed, and over the door, there were lights.
Then the door opened. The old lady standing in front of the door went
inside. Then it closed. A few minutes later. The door opened again, and a
beautiful young woman walked out ! The country woman thought, ” This is the
door to a magic box ! if I go to inside the box, I will be beautiful when I
come out”.
She waited for the door to open again. Then She walked
in. But inside the door, she saw a lot of buttons on the wall. And she didn’t
know what the buttons to push.
13. News item
News item is a text which informs readers
about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2.
Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3.
Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2.
Using material process.
Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian
Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against
HIV, a news report said.
“This
is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get
exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff
Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a
suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to
coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was celebrated openly
for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for HIV-victim. In the
past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian
women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he said
in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been infected
with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids Council
president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex workers, many
women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly by their
husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can protect them. But
there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though they know
they have HIV” she said.
14. Analitycal
exposition
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
Using relational process
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at
the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result
of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a
quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking.
If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung
cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is
nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are
people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of
heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to
develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker
breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen
cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because
they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for
every body else.
- Comentatory text
A commentary text is not a summary of an issue. This
text consists of 90 % from the writer’s idea or opinion.
A commentary text structure consists of three (3) components. They are:
1. Title
2. General Statement
3. Stepped explanation
2. General Statement
3. Stepped explanation
TV Films Must Be Censored
There are too many movies on TV featuring vulgarity, violence, superstition and indecency. Scenes depicting violence may inspire high school students to do likewise in a brawl, for example.
Films selected for broadcast should inspire viewers to be persistent in their struggle for better life, and should not feature mentally disturbed people. They should present the beauty of Indonesia and the diversity of its traditional culture. Most importantly, TV films should have plausible plots.
Given the above explanation, it is necessary to subject all TV movies to tight censorship as otherwise these films will only create a permissive and violent society.
Nama : Amir kusno
NIP : 1310302104
Kelas : d
1.
Text
report
-
Social function : to describe the way things
are with referencce to a range of natural, man-made, and social phenomena in
our environment.
-
Generic sructure
a. General
classification
Introduce the participant
b. Description
Describe the participant in terms of “parts,qualities, behavior/habit”
if living things, “usage” if non living things.
c. Lexicogrammatical
sequence
a. Focus
on spesific participant.
b. Use
of material and relational processes.
c. Use
of simple present tense.
d. No
emporal sequence.
Example :
Snakes
Snake are reptile. They belong to
the same group as lizards but form a sub group of their own. Snake are not
slimy. They are covered in scales which are just bumps on the skin. Their skin
is hard and glossy to reduse friction as the snake slithers along the ground.
Snake often sun buth on the rocks in the warm weather. This is because snakes
are cold blooded and they need sun’s warmth to heat their up body.
Most snakes live in the country.
Some type of snakes live in trees, some live in water, but most live on the
ground deserted rabbit burrows, in thick, long grass and in old logs.
A snake’s diet usually consist of
frogs, lizard and mice and other snakes. The anaconda can eat small crocodiles
and even wild boars.
2. Procedure text
Procedure
text is a text to describe how to make or do something.
Generic
structure
a. Goal/aim
b. Materials
c. Steps/methods
Example :
LOOP THE LOOP PAPER LINE
Material needed :
- a sheet of heavy paper.
- a pencil
- sharp scissors
- a paper clip
- crayons
Methods
Here’s
a paper air plane that will fly in circles
1. First
fold the paper in half the long way.
2. Then
draw an airplane with wings and a tail on it.
3. Next
draw a line about an inch away from the fold on each side the full length of
the paper.
4. Then
cut out the air plane, but not cut on the fold.
5. After
that spread out the airplane and colour it. You can draw airplane markings near
each wing tip.
6. Next
refold your airplane. Now fold beach wing down along the line drawn on it.
7. Then
add a paper clip to the nose. You can change the way your airplane flies by
changing the wing shape and putting more than one paper clip on the nose.
3. Narrative text
Is a
story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the
resolution to solve the problems. An important part of narrative is the
narrative mode, the set of methods used
to communicate the narrative through a process narration.
-
The purpose of narrative text
Is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a
story.
-
Generic stucture
a. Orientation
Where and when the story happened and
introduces the participants of the story : who and what is involved in the
story.
b. Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which
leads to the crisis (climax) of the participants.
c. Resolution
The problem is resolved, either in a happy ending
or in a sad ending
d. Re-
orientation
This is a closing remark to the story and it
is optional. It consists of a moral lesson, advise or teaching from the
wrinter.
Bred and the beanstalk
Once
upon a time there was a poor widow who had only son named bred. They were so
poor that they didn’t have anything except a cow. When the cow had grown too
old, his mother sent bred to the market to sell it. On the way to market, bred
met a butcher who had some beautiful beans on his hands. The butcher told the
boy that the beans were of great value and persuaded the silly fad to sell the
cow for the beans.
Bred brought them happily. When he told his mother
about this, his mother bacame so angry that she threw the beans out of the
window.
When bred woke up in the morning. He
felt the sun shining into a part of his room but all rest was quite dark and
shady.
So he jumped to the window. What did
he see? The beanstalk grew up quite close past bred’s window. He opened the
window and jumped to the beanstalk which ran
up just like a big ladder.
He climbed till at last he reached
the sky. While looking around, he saw a very huge castle. He was very amazed.
4. Text Spoof
Spoff text is one of type english text that telling a funny
story.
Languange characteristics
-
Using the past tense
-
Using action verb
-
Using adverb of time and place adverbs
-
Told chronologically
The generic sructure
-
Orientation, provides an introduction to the characters, setting etc
-
Events, provides events
-
Twist, ending the story ( something is considered funny or unexpected)
SAM TING WONG
Jacky Wong got married with Lia Wong. Both of them had a white skin and
straight hair. They are really well matched-coupel. One year later, Wong family
got a new baby. A nurse brought them a son with curly hair and a black skin.
The nurse congratulated and said, "What name will you give to this
son?"
With a confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, "Sam Ting Wong!"
With a confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, "Sam Ting Wong!"
5.
Text Review
a. What
is the Review Text ?
Review text is
an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical
composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer;
or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical
theatre show or dance show.
b. Purpose
of Review Text
Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or
listener, such as movies, shows, book, and others.
c.
Generic Structure of Review Text
- Orientation : Background information of
the text.
-
Evaluations : Concluding statement :
judgement, opinion, or recommendation.
It can consist ot more than one.
-
Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot.
-
Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I really love the Harry Potter series, and all of the
books will always have a special place in my heart.
I have to say that of all the books, however, this one
was not my favorite.When the series began it was as much of a “feel good”
experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced,
intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In
some instances this works you feel a whole new level of intensity and
excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page.
Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping
pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem
long, as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having
his usual adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house,
for example – housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not
very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book –
the “real” world comes much more in to
play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has
apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in
this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in
his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted,
considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over
nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned
into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight. The “real” story seemed to
happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually liked the
ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me
care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it
would have been great.
6.
Recount Text
recount
text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action or activity. Its
goal is to entertaining or informing the reader.
Generic structure
-
Orientation tells
who was involved, what happened, where the events took place, and when it
happened.
-
Events tell
what happened and in what sequence.
-
Reorientation consists
of optional-closure of events/ending.
By motor cycle
I used to travel
by motorcycle when I was a boy. My grand father used to live in magelang city
and I used to go there in the holidays. A friend of my father’s friends would
take charge of me and I never had unpleasent experimence. His name is john.Iam
used to go there by motor cycle and only have one occasion when I ever felt
frightened.
Usually, mr john always rode his motor cycle
slowly, but something unusually happened
on that day, he was riding his motor cycle so fast. I had told him that I was
afraid of going so fast but he did not listen to me. He kept his speed in fast
way. Until that accident took place. He wanted to over take a big truck, and
when he took the right side of the truck, suddenly there was a bus coming from
the other side. Mr john was getting surprised then he could not control his
motor bike. Fortunately, mr john could past the truck and avoided an impact
with the bus. After that we pulled over our motor cycle and we took along deep
sigh.
And That was my bad experience with a friend of
my fathers
7.
Hortatory explanation
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended
to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen
or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some
arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this
kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be
found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic
speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular
among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of
Hortatory exposition usually has three components.
A.
Generic sructure
1. Thesis : Statement
or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to
recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be
done based on the arguments.
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be
done based on the arguments.
B. Language
Feature of Hortatory Exposition text
- Focusing on the writer
- Using action verb
- Using modal adverb : certainly, surely, etc
- Using temporal connective : firstly,
secondly, however, therefore,etc
- Using passive voice
- Using simple present tense
- The use of modals and adverb ( may,must,
should)
- The use of emotive words (worried,etc)
- The use of words that qualify statements (
usual, probably)
- The use of subjective opinions using
pronouns I and we
C.
Social function
To persuade the reader or listener that
something should or should not be the case
Indonesian People Should
Value All the Different Culture to
Promote Unity of the
Nation
Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different religions and
cultures from many provinces are now seen living side by side in many places.
One of the biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to deal with a
culturally diverse citizenry and then promote unity. Therefore, Indonesians
should appreciate differences among culture for the following reasons.
Firstly, Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago and
culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain
the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal,
even if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to
be tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to
retain their heritage. Then, unity of
the nation can be preserved.
Secondly, Indonesians must recognize
that every culture has different customs and beliefs. Thus, people are
forbidden to make judgments of comparative value, for it is measuring something
unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the modern era, can allow for
cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits both parties. The
cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a better place and
preserves the unity of the nation.
Lastly, raising nationalism is one
way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense of fellow feeling between
group members. This promotes cooperation and social cohesion within the group.
The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social security and medical
programs much more likely.
8.
Discussion text
Is
a text which present a problematic discourse. This
problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly
found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
a.
Generic structure of discussion text
-
Statement of issue;
stating the issue which is to discussed
-
List of supporting
points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
-
List of contrastive
point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
-
Recommendation :
stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse
b.
Language feature of
discussion
-
Introducing
category or generic participant
-
Using thinking
verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
-
Using additive,
contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
-
Using modalities;
must, should, could, may, etc
-
Using adverbial of
manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
DO WE STILL NEED ZOOS?
Zoos were originally set up so that people could see
and learn about wild animals from distant lands. As more and more people became
city-dwellers, never seeing animals in the wild, zoos began to house local
creatures too. However, in today’s world, are zoos really necessary?
Since people can now see any sort of wild animal in
its natural habitat, simply by tuning into a TV program or buying a video, some
animal rights activists claim that zoos are out of date. They argue that it is
cruel to capture animals, transport them long distances, and then keep them
caged up simply for the entertainment of human beings. Captive animals often
develop ‘zoochosis’ – abnormal behavior like rocking or swaying – which
indicates they are bored and unhappy in their prison-like conditions.
On the other hand, there is a huge difference between watching
an animal on screen and seeing it in real life. It could be argued that
visiting a zoo is educational, often increasing people’s concern for wildlife
and conservation, which is of great importance in today's developing – and
often overdeveloped – world. Indeed, sometimes the only way to save an
endangered species may be to arrange for it to be breed in captivity.
Behind the scenes, zoos also provide scientists with
opportunities to research into animal behavior: modern zoos can therefore be
much better planned than old-fashioned ones, providing animals with carefully
designed enclosures appropriate to their needs. It seems then, that there are
still arguments for retaining zoos. These should, however, be carefully planned
with the animals’ welfare in mind: in the modern world, there is no excuse for
keeping animals in cramped or cruel conditions.
The Advantage
and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is
generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world.
The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in
Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships
and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces
around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy.
It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages
of nuclear plant are as follow:
a. It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive
to make.
b. It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it
does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
c. It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount
of uranium.
d. It produces small amount of waste.
e. It is reliable.
On the other hand,
nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many
years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is
reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong,
a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are
increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990′s nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
9. Explanation text
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating
to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation
text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often
found in science, geography and history text books.
a.
Generic structure of discussion text
-
General statement;
stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
-
Sequenced
explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
b.
Language feature
-
Featuring generic
participant; sun, rain, etc
-
Using chronological
connection; to begin with, next, etc
-
Using passive voice
pattern
-
Using simple
present tense
How Day and Night Happen
The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during
the day and sets at night. However the sun does not actually move around the
earth. Earth’s turning on its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It
is called as rotation. It causes day and night. The earth also moves around the
sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This process is called revolution. The
revolution process causes the changes of the season
10. Anecdote text
Definition
and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Blessing
Behind Strategy
There
was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine
children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They
were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several
years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They
had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The
entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in
America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten
by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting
rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine
when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not
make the trip to America as they had planned.
The
father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the
ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He
cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five
days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty
Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic
which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it
was.
The
Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a
dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son
and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives.
It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
11. Descriptive text
Is
a text which says a person or a thing. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a
particular person, place or thing.
Generic
structure of descriptive text
Identification :
identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts ,
qualities, or characterisric
Languange
feature
-
Using attributive and identifying process
-
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group
-
Using simple present tense
My Friend’s New
Shoes
I have a close friend. She is
beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the
day. She always pay much attention on her appeareance. Lately, she bought a new
stylist foot legs. This shoes really fit to her.
Her new shoes are amazing. When she
are walking on the road, all her friend and me are watching carefully to her
andadmire that she has suitable shoes on her appeareance the most. The style,
colour, brand represent her as a smart woman of the day. She is a perfect girl
for sure.
She is really mad on that shoes. She
said that the products covered all genders. The products provide varieties of
choice. It is desaigned in attractive way. The products are international
trader mark and become the hottest trend.
Monas national
monument
Monas national monument is a 132-
meter tower in the center of merdeka square, central jakarta, it is the capital
of the state. It symbollizes the struggle for indonesian. The monument consists
of a 117.7 m obelisk on a 45 m square platform at a height of 17 m. Towering
monument symbolizes the philosophy of lingga and yoni. Resembles a phallus, or
pestle mortar pestle and yoni resembles rice or mortar, two important things in
the tradition of indonesian agriculture. Construction began in1961 under the
direction of president soekarno, the first president of indonesia and the
monument was opened to the public in1975. It is topped by a flame covered with
gold voil, and now the monument calls.
12. Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells
funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to
entertain the readers.
Generic
Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
Language
Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s
awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you
know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then,
afterward
6. Using simple past tense
The Magic Box
A plain country woman was visiting the city for the first time. She went
into a very tall building. On the first floor, she saw an opld lady standing in
front of a door. The door was closed, and over the door, there were lights.
Then the door opened. The old lady standing in front of the door went
inside. Then it closed. A few minutes later. The door opened again, and a
beautiful young woman walked out ! The country woman thought, ” This is the
door to a magic box ! if I go to inside the box, I will be beautiful when I
come out”.
She waited for the door to open again. Then She walked
in. But inside the door, she saw a lot of buttons on the wall. And she didn’t
know what the buttons to push.
13. News item
News item is a text which informs readers
about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2.
Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3.
Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2.
Using material process.
Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian
Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against
HIV, a news report said.
“This
is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get
exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff
Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a
suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to
coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was celebrated openly
for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for HIV-victim. In the
past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian
women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he said
in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been infected
with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids Council
president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex workers, many
women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly by their
husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can protect them. But
there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though they know
they have HIV” she said.
14. Analitycal
exposition
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
Using relational process
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at
the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result
of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a
quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking.
If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung
cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is
nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are
people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of
heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to
develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker
breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen
cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because
they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for
every body else.
- Comentatory text
A commentary text is not a summary of an issue. This
text consists of 90 % from the writer’s idea or opinion.
A commentary text structure consists of three (3) components. They are:
1. Title
2. General Statement
3. Stepped explanation
2. General Statement
3. Stepped explanation
TV Films Must Be Censored
There are too many movies on TV featuring vulgarity, violence, superstition and indecency. Scenes depicting violence may inspire high school students to do likewise in a brawl, for example.
Films selected for broadcast should inspire viewers to be persistent in their struggle for better life, and should not feature mentally disturbed people. They should present the beauty of Indonesia and the diversity of its traditional culture. Most importantly, TV films should have plausible plots.
Given the above explanation, it is necessary to subject all TV movies to tight censorship as otherwise these films will only create a permissive and violent society.
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